Friend, not foe: Lowered tissue reactivity to long-term polyimide implants - Advanced Science, 2026
Orlemann, C., De Santis, L.M., Neering, P., Boehler, C., Sharma, K., Aarts, A., Holzhammer, T., van Daal, R.J.J., Ruther, P., Asplund, M., Kooijmans, R.N., Roelfsema, P.R.
Abstract
One of the biggest challenges for neurotechnology is the design of devices that are tolerated well by brain tissue, without sacrificing functionality and implantability. This study examined which design choices mitigate tissue damage and improve longevity by varying probe features implanted in the cerebral cortex of mice. We report on a systematic, quantitative analysis of neuronal and inflammation markers across cortical depth. We implanted a total of 103 stiff silicon or flexible polyimide probes in 32 mice, varying their thicknesses and widths, and either attaching them to the skull or not. A new, automated workflow to quantify immunohistochemical data examines: 1) the tissue loss caused by the implant, 2) the cortical neuronal density, and 3) the immune response expressed by astrocytic and microglial reaction. Flexible polyimide probes exhibited a clear advantage, causing fewer lesions and weaker immune responses than stiff silicon probes. Furthermore, we observed a weak influence of the shank cross-section. A cortical depth profile of immune reactivity revealed focal reactions at the device entry points in the superficial cortex and at the cortex-white matter boundary. This study gives important insights on optimizing device design parameters as well as surgical insights for improved tissue integration of intracortical electrode arrays.
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